托福阅读题第1篇一、推理题的标志托福阅读题型中推理题的题干中一般含有infer,imply,mostlikely,leastlikely,probably等词,分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类下面是小编为大家整理的托福阅读题必备23篇,供大家参考。
一、推理题的标志
托福阅读题型中推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词,分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题,也就是托福阅读题干中无线索的,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题,也就是托福阅读题干中有线索的,可以先圈定题干中的关键词,根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路:
一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多,根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时,只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如:
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked
&<61;There were great numbers of
&<61;They lived in the sea
&<61;They did not leave many fossil
根据关键词sea otters定位第四句:However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…,由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 两种动物与 whales 形成对比,而且很难想象原始的 whales 的样子;根据“一般对比推理”思路,可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意,为正确答案。
时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一:
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were
(B)population statistics were
(C)the population grew
(D)economic conditions were
工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了,那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。
例二:
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’
(D) They corresponded to specific musical
1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音,那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。
例三:
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric The result was a product called Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they
&<61;They were not available to
&<61;They contained sulfuric
问题:关于19世纪以前的蜡烛,从第一段可以推出下列哪一点?
这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间,由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出:“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明,使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化,所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路,由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比,而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明,那么在19世纪之前,并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思,为正确答案。
集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断,它指的是在一个集合中,包含两个相对的方面,共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之,一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路,可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例一:
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly
does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk
(B) They have no social
(C) They have popular
(D) They do not value
原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化,它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture,那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。
例二:
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以(B)为正确答案。
The American Revolution
The War of Revolution between America and Britain began in April 1775 in _exington, Massachusetts, when soldiers from each side met and somebody fired a It was called the "shot heard round the world" because the war that followed changed the future of the _ritish Empire and But the American Revolution, the movement to make an independent nation, began many years
The causes of revolution
the desire of Americans to be independent from Britain arose out of a long series of disagreements about money and political Britain had had colonies (= places taken over by people from a foreign country) in North America since 1607 and kept soldiers there to defend them from attack by the French and Spanish, and by _ative In order to raise money for this, the British _arliament tried to make the colonists (= people who had gone to settle in America) pay
From 1651, Britain passed a series of laws called Navigation Acts, which said that the colonists should trade only with These laws were frequently broken and were a continuing source of Taxes imposed in the 18th century increased ill feeling towards In 1764 the Sugar Act made colonists pay tax on sugar, and in 1765 the _tamp Act put a tax on newspapers and official Opposition to this was strong and the following year Parliament had to remove the By then, people in both America and Britain were arguing about who had the power to tax the The 13 colonies each had an assembly of elected representatives, and the colonists wanted these assemblies to decide what taxes they should pay, not Some colonists, called patriots, began to want independence from They expressed their feelings in the slogan "no taxation without representation".
In 1767 there was a disagreement in New York about whether Britain could ask people to give soldiers accommodation in their The local assembly agreed, eventually, but became involved in a dispute with Parliament over who had the right to decide such In the same year the Townshend Acts put taxes on certain products including The assemblies refused to help collect the money and Parliament responded by closing them All this caused many more people to want _oston, especially, had many patriots, including those who called themselves the _ons of On 5 March 1770 there was a riot in Boston and British soldiers killed five This incident became known as the _oston
The Tea Act gave a British company the right to sell tea to the colonists and actually lowered the price for legally imported But most colonists bought cheaper tea that had been smuggled into the On 16 December 1773, when ships arrived in Boston Harbor carrying the tea, a group of patriots dressed up as Native Americans went onto the ships and threw the tea into the After the _oston Tea Party, as the event was later called, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts, laws to increase her control over the
As more Americans began to support revolution, Britain sent yet more On 5 September 1774 representatives of all the colonies except _eorgia met in _hiladelphia, calling themselves the _ontinental The Congress decided that the colonies needed soldiers of their own, and agreed to start training militiamen who could leave their jobs and be used as soldiers if Since the militiamen had to be ready to fight at short notice, they were called
On 18 April 1775 British soldiers marched out of Boston into the countryside to search for weapons that the colonists had Paul _evere, a patriot from Boston, rode ahead to warn people that the British were The minutemen got ready, and when they and the British met, the "shot heard round the world" was
The Revolutionary War
The Americans had the advantage of fighting at home, but Britain was a much stronger military There were victories and defeats on both sides during the seven years of
The first aim of the American army led by George _ashington was to force the British, called _edcoats because of the color of their uniform, to leave On 17 June 1775 the British fought and won the Battle of _unker Hill, but they lost so many soldiers that their position in Boston was weak and in March 1776 they were forced to The Continental Congress suggested that Britain and America should make an agreement, but Britain refused and so, on 4 July 1776, members of the Congress signed the _eclaration of This document, written by the future President Thomas _efferson, gave the Americans" reasons for wanting to be It included ideas that were rather new, that ordinary people had certain rights that government should Since the British king _eorge III refused to accept this, Americans had the right, and the duty, to form their own
Later in the same year the British took control of _ew York and _hode Island, and Washington"s army moved away into The defeats discouraged many Americans, but at Christmas, when soldiers were not expecting an attack, Washington surprised the British by taking his army across the Delaware River to Trenton, _ew Jersey, and defeating the Hessians, German soldiers paid by the British to fight for A story often told is that, before crossing the river, Washington threw down a silver dollar, thinking that if any guards were near they would hear the noise and Since nobody came, he knew it was safe to
Washington"s army spent the winter at _alley Forge, It was very cold and the new government of the United States did not have money to provide soldiers with warm clothes and Many became ill, and many more lost their enthusiasm for the But in the spring of 1777 they received help from two different A German, General von Steuben, came to train the American soldiers and the Marquis de _afayette brought French soldiers to fight on the American With this help, the Americans won a victory at _aratoga, New France and also Spain supported the United States because they thought that if Britain became weaker in North America, it would also be weaker in
Over the next few years, neither side was strong enough to defeat the other But in 1781 Washington saw a perfect opportunity to The British General _ornwallis had taken his army to _orktown, Virginia, where he was too far away to get supplies or Washington marched south to meet him, while French ships made sure that the British could not receive help by Cornwallis realized how bad his position was and
In 1783, after a period of talks, Britain recognized the United States of America, making the US completely independent and giving it the western parts of North
Modern American attitudes to the Revolution
the Revolution is remembered by Americans in many _reedom, and the right of ordinary people to take part in their own government, the main reasons why Americans fought the War of Revolution, is values that almost all Americans still support The _ourth of July, the day on which the Declaration of Independence was signed, is a national holiday, _ndependence
Places, like Boston Harbor and _ndependence Hall in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, are visited by millions of Americans every The names of people involved in the Revolution are known to George Washington"s birthday is celebrated as a national John _ancock"s signature on the Declaration of Independence was the largest, so today John Hancock means "signature". Patrick _enry is remembered for his speeches, especially for saying, "Give me liberty or give me death".
But if Americans remember the Revolution as a great victory, they seem to forget that the British were the The governments and people of the two countries have always had a special relationship, and for many Americans, even those whose ancestors were not British, Britain is still the "mother country".
认知
在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象,然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如,
TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆,但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。
TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子,后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子,讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。
条件反射
一般情况下,这类文章会根据一个例子,然后提出假设,接着用实验验证假设,最后得出结论,考生可以分析文章的假设的观点,实验的方法以及结论,这三部分加深对文章的理解。
TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力,记忆力和想象力,这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性,可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。
TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们
解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动,但是这些结论都是不确定的。
心理学高频词汇
psychology 心理学;心理状态
behaviorism 行为主义
muscular 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的
amnesia 健忘症,[内科] 记忆缺失
cognitive 认知的,认识的
psychology 心理学;心理状态
infants 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿
cognitive 认知的,认识的
distraction 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱
心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。
心理学符号的含义:符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思,后来变成英文psyche。
托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理相关
托福阅读“读不懂”之——看不懂
导致考生看不懂托福阅读文章的原因有很多:基础不牢靠,词汇积累不够多,自然很容易被考倒;语法理解不够深,连意思都无法理解;背景知识不了解,无法理解文章要讲什么,其实有时候背景知识会很有用。
要想解决这一情况,就只能沉下心来,从基础积累起,背单词,了解语法,看背景知识一样都不能少。
所以,建议备考的考生在固定的时间内背诵单词,比如说每天8-9背单词。零散的时间固然方便,但是不会有长久的记忆,背得快忘得也快。其次,一定要规划好复习的时间,当天记忆,当天复习。最后,推荐大家使用一些单词记忆软件帮助大家合理复习。
语法部分大家一定要明确语法的整个体系。学习英语语法主要分为两大部分:一是如何看对句子;二就是如何看对写对复杂的句子。第一部分要求大家明确句子的主干和时态就可以了。而第二部分,复杂句子,托福阅读里面所考察的自然就是修饰性成分和复杂结构了。每天背完单词之后,规定自己用一个小时的时间恶补语法知识,再用一个小时的时间练习分析句子。学习了知识,就一定要跟上练习。
而要想积累背景知识,就可以多看一些学术类报道、文章。
托福阅读“读不懂”之——找不着
考生觉得找不着,其实就是因为对单词的理解不够深,词义转换不够熟练。只要多积累一些同意转换、反义转换等等词汇,就不愁找不着了。
托福阅读“读不懂”之——选不对
如果考生能够读懂托福阅读,但还是选不对选项的话,那么就是背景知识不了解了,无法理解文章要讲什么,或是无法用西方人的思维,去理解他们的想法。因此积累背景知识、学会用西方人的思维模式势在必行,考生可以看一些学术类报道、文章,看美剧,积累背景知识和学会用西方人的思维模式去看托福阅读的问题。
A Brief History of the Guitar
There is evidence that a four string, guitar-like instrument was played by the Hittites (who occupied a region now known as Asia Minor and Syria) around 1400 It had characteristically soft, curved sides--one of the primary features of anything identifiable as a guitar or The Greeks also produced a similar instrument which was later modified by the Romans, though both versions appear to have lacked the curved What is interesting here is that it seems this Roman cithara appeared in Hispania (now known as Spain) centuries before the Moorish
It had long been assumed that it was only after this invasion and the introduction of the Arabic due in the South that a guitar-like instrument first appeared in But with the Roman cithara arriving centuries prior, we might say that although the due influenced the development of the guitar it is not the true According to this theory, the Spanish guitar derived from the tan bur of the Hittites, kithara with a "k" of the Greeks and then the cithara with a "c" of the
However, following the arrival of the Moors, the Roman cithara and the Arabic due must have mixed and exerted mutual influences on one another for many Although there is no specific documentation, it is likely that makers of us and cithara’s would have seen each other"s work, if only through presentation by traveling By 1200 AD, the four string guitar had evolved into two types: the guitars maraca (Moorish guitar) which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several sound holes, and the guitars Latina (Latin guitar) which resembled the modern guitar with one sound hole and a narrower
In the late 1400"s, the visual was born by adding doubled strings and increasing its It was a large plucked instrument with a long neck (vibrating string length: 72 to 79 cm) with ten or eleven frets and six It was the visual which became the preferred instrument of the Spanish and Portuguese courts and remained so until the late 1600"s when orchestral and keyboard instruments became more
Although the guitar existed concurrently during this period, the visual and lute had overshadowed it until the end of the 17th century when the lute had acquired too many strings, was too hard to play and tune, and the visual was slowly replaced by the four and five course guitars (which had seven and nine strings respectively: one single high string, and three or four remaining courses--or pairs--of strings). It was perhaps the addition of the fifth course in the late 16th century that gave the guitar more flexibility and range and thus improved the potential of the repertoire that led to its
By the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, some guitars already used six single strings and employed fan struts under the These struts were added for structural support to allow thinning of the top for greater resonance and for better distribution of sound across the Other contemporaneous developments included the use of a reinforced, raised neck using ebony or rosewood for the fingerboard, and the appearance of machine tuners in place of the wooden (It is noteworthy that the raised fingerboard had a great impact on the technique of the instrument since the strings were then too far from the soundboard to rest one"s finger on the face for ) These guitars would be unmistakably recognized by us as early classical
Beginning with the early 19th century, in the works of Agustin Caro, Manuel Gonzalez, Antonio de Lorca, Manuel Gutierrez from Spain and other European makers including Rene Lakota, and Johann Stauffer, we find the direct predecessors of the modern classical By 1850, the guitar was prepared for its most important breakthrough since its inception, the work of Antonio Torres With the encouragement of Julian Arcos and his own brilliant intuitions, Torres refined the strutting of the guitar to include as many as seven struts spread out like a fan under the He increased the body size and the width of the neck These improvements allowed for greater volume and bass response as well as the development of a left hand technique for richer The guitar was now prepared for the demands of the solo performer and the concert
Although there have been continued developments since the middle 1800"s, our modern guitar retains most of what was developed nearly 150 years No one can say if we have reached the end of the evolution of the guitar, but until now, many of the best guitars from the point of view of volume, projection and sheer beauty of tone were made by the great makers, Torres, Ramirez and Arias from the second half of the last century!
为了提高托福阅读的分数,大家在备考中,也是想尽了各种办法。今天我们就从阅读文章的结构入手,来具体的分析一下托福阅读中,学术类的文章结构,希望对大家的备考也有一定的帮助。
学术性文章的篇章结构:
在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分:
(1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。
比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件;在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。
(2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。
若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期。
在托福阅读文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体。
(3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。
或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。在托福阅读文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题 +Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。
托福文章大都遵循这种结构,我们通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
学术性文章的段落结构
学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。
(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"。
托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,我们通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围
托福阅读的文章选材范围极其广泛,涉及有:
自然科学包括:天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等。
人文科学包括:艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等。
社会科学包括:政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。
虽然托福阅读的选材范围广泛,涉及的学科颇多,但事实上所有的托福文章你没有那些所谓的背景知识也是能看懂的。
词汇过关并且TPO好好做了的同学也能够把题目做对。与其把时间浪费在补充“背景知识”上不如好好利用TPO。
托福阅读真题:
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500
An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the
At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web
Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500
The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Natural
○Final
○Specific
○Complex
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
○They occur at the end of a
○They last longer than any other type of
○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not
○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a
Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the
According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties
Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of
According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax
According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always
○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “”
○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by
○There are many different answers to ecological
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?
○They are more resilient than pioneer
○They can be considered both the most and the least stable
○They are stable because they recover quickly after major
○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s )
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they
○They support many species when they reach
○They are found in temperate
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional
The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increase
○Ensure
○Favor
○Complicate
In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?
○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity
○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increases proportionally
○Differs
○Loses significance
○Is common
Paragraph 7:Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web
of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of
word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Foreign
○Stable
○Fluid
○Neighboring
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its
at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2
The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by
托福阅读真题参考答案:
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○2 3 5
托福阅读真题译文:
生态系统的长期稳定
植物群体可以自由地聚集,他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用“演替”来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落,而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到500年不等,植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变,但其变化周期超过500年。
现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换,但一年一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说,生态系统自身的性质比组成生态系统的单个生物体更为稳定。
生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定,生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点,长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是:顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子,在单一作物的农田中,一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反,在一个复杂的顶极群落里,如温带森林,他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的入侵。
不管怎样,生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先,不是所有的生态学家都赞同“稳定”的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话,顶极群落将被视为最稳定的,因为根据定义,他们随着时间推移而变化是最少。另外,稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度,比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下,顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的,因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。
即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区,会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种,而不是在顶极群落中。例如,红树林一旦成熟,其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。总的来说,多样性本身并不能保证稳定性,生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一般来说,一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。
生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复,因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏,在人类活动对环境造成的的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。
现在的很多生态学家们认为,顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来于自多样性,而是来自环境的“补缀”,随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后,马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种,他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺,并保持食物网的完整。
寿命、智能的改善与“梦”
世界各地睡眠研究报告均显示:寿命、智能与快波睡眠有关,资优儿童及长寿人仕的快波睡眠较多,但快波睡眠是由先天遗传决定的。从图二我们可看到在快波睡眠时产生α波使潜意识和意识之间闸门开放,人脑白天意识到感知到的经验及旧的经验程式互相比较修改,自行设计出新程式或修改旧程式用来制造蛋白质改变大脑细胞的构造,形成永久记忆,使更适合生理及心理层面的需要。快波睡眠是遗传性主後天仍具有相当可塑性,透过以下日常方法可帮助追求良好“睡与梦”,获得较长快波睡眠是整体生命力的提升:
①按时早睡早起,配合人体“生物钟”21点至22点入睡,早上五至六点起床,床褥不可过硬或过软,睡房空气清新及光线较暗,注意睡眠姿势,陲前刷牙保持口腔清洁,睡前避免饮酒及进食,有失眠人仕建议睡前用热水洗脚,能刺激足部穴住,使容易入睡。
②优美音乐能对大脑右半球起活跃作用,做梦是由右脑专职。所以平时多欣赏一些喜爱优美音乐可改善左右脑半球脑电波的同步胁调性,对和缓消除紧张和疲劳及改善“睡与梦”有积极功效。
③香味对人体有心理效应也有理化作用,茉莉花香会引起大脑产生期待α波,符合改善“梦”境。
⑤坚持早餐要好,午饭要饱,晚饭要少,对大脑及睡眠有实际效用。从“睡与梦”角度证实少吃肉类,多吃谷物,蔬某、水果等含纤维素和碳水化合物的食物,能使睡眠很甜,可见素食能提高睡眠质量,是值得大力提倡。
⑥保持乐观情绪笑口常开,美“梦”自然与您同伴。
“梦”的研究及总结
由于“梦”都发生在快波睡眠“REM”快速眼球转动期,最近加州大学学者史毅德利用电极黏贴在眼皮上,配合快波睡眠时脑电波一起处理能测知“梦”发生,当做梦後脑电波转变慢波睡眠时眼球也停止转动,电子仪器即产生声响使做梦者清醒及启动录音机,使做梦者可将梦境所见用录音机录下才再入睡。史丹福大学学者伯兹利用特殊低频“粉杠噪音”调制发光二极管眼罩,使睡者能在快波睡眠期诱发“神志清醒的梦”,做梦者可以意识性地左右梦的内容,甚至自由导演出令自己满意的情节与结局,把恶梦转换成美梦或寻求解决日间疑难寻求创造性的答案。
“梦”的科学研究路途是漫长,展望将有一天能助我们真正认识您自己,此时人类就能真正操纵自己的昨天今天明天。尽管本文对“睡与梦”的探讨和改善不能使朋友们真正认识您自己及“梦”,但承认认识您自己及“梦”的重要性,在探讨过程中增强自我信念,至少我们已在这问题上前进一步。
著名中国古代梦研究学者刘文英教授,总结中国古代文学、历史、哲学文献记载梦的资料编写成《梦的迷信与梦的探索》一书,受到中外梦的研究学者重视。繁体字版将由台湾晓园出版公司出版。牛顿杂志《科学与人》/王溢嘉时间专栏,对“人”与“梦”、“心灵”、“物”、“科学”等有极之生动描绘。
托福阅读考试一共多少题相关
托福阅读高难度题推断题介绍
说到托福阅读题,你觉得哪种阅读题型最难做?相信有将近50%的同学都会把票投给推断题。每次考试遇到推断题,都有一种被难题支配的恐惧和阴影。
推断题是有一定的难度所在的,这点可以从托福考试官方指南(og)的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上,推断题的考查数量为0-2题,第四版og已经增加到1-3题,ETS的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。
托福阅读低难度题型修辞目的题介绍
除了很难的阅读推断题,在托福阅读题型中有一种题型跟它恰好相反,是比较好驾驭的一种题型,那就是修辞目的题,听起来很高端的样子,虽然这类题型的答案在文中很好定位,但要想拿下高分还是有一定困难的。
如何做好这两类阅读题型?
虽然一个是很难的推断题,一个是比较好驾驭的修辞目的题,但它们有一个同样的做题难点—耗时又耗力。
推断题
og上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说的观点的理解程度,属于理解性题目。也就是说,想要做好这个题型,考生需要在阅读文章的过程中进行更多的主动思考而非单纯地被动接受来自文章的信息,也就是多看多想,这需要大家磨炼自身的思维灵敏度。
比喻修辞题
修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型,这里的“修辞”其实并不是考查修辞方法,而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用,如:总结,回答问题,反驳,解释说明等。而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握,是否了解到文章的结构为:观点+细节。
敏感于数字,当定位句中有数字的时候,数字之间的比较就是考点。
For example:
Paragraph 9:
The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C(45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C(77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the The billfishes have gone one step They have evolved special “heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical
According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other
○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water
○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own
○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and
解析:
第一步先找关键词,关键词是bluefin tunas,这两个词不认识,没关系,到现在我都不认识,直接换成BT就可以了,
第二步回去找定位句,在第二句中首次出现了BT,并且出现了两组数字,那么这两组数字的比较就是考点。
第三步,读明白这句话,在7°水中的BT可以有一个超过25°的核心温度。
第四步,看选项吧,
A选项,就是我刚说完的无耻技巧2,more than是错的,原文是说了eyes and brain,也给了很高的评价,说maintaining peak performance of these critical 但是却没有和其它生物比较,所以它是错的。
B选项,无耻技巧1出现了,greatly,谁告诉你greatly了??!!!即使你不会这个技巧,这个选项本身就是与原文相反的,它们的能力是在不同的水温中保持稳定的体温,而不是change。
C选项,无耻技巧3,数字的比较,7°的水 和25°的体温,就是in waters that are much colder than their own
D选项,我之前说的细节题选项的错误特征里面的第三种,比较有迷惑性的,原文有,但是不在定位句之内,关键词是bluefin tunas,D选项说的是The billfishes,考点信息之外。
带程度副词的,比如only well clearly往往都是错的,这种选项往往很有迷惑性,因为它看似是同义转述,实际确扩大或缩小了词义(说的好抽象 呵呵)
比如原文说,我打了他,选项:I hit him severely,这个选项一定是错的,人家有没说怎么打的,又没说经脉尽断,你为什么要主观臆断他狠狠的打了呢??!!这个不仅仅适用于细节题,还适用于推断题,讲推断题的时候我给大家举个例子。
戏剧的“黄金时代”
美国19世纪的戏剧并不发达,剧本缺乏文学价值。1915年以前,商业化倾向严重,多数剧作可以用“挤人眼泪、逗人乐、吓唬人”几个词来概括。在这以后的25年里,美国的戏剧赶上了世界水平。大学里设立了戏剧课,小剧场雨后春笋般出现,冲击了戏剧界的商业习气。百老汇本身也进行了一些改革。奥尼尔是新戏剧运动的主力。他的特点是把枯燥乏味的日常生活与美好的梦想加以对照,同时用大胆创新的戏剧手法表现出来,以达到哲理、心理的高度,代表作有《天边外》(1920)、《哀悼》(1931)等。当时还涌现出一大批优秀的剧作家,有的用新奇手法揭示机器对人的压迫,有的用爵士乐般喧闹的节奏表现下层社会复杂多样的生活,有的写出了有心理深度的社会批判剧,有的通过小人物日常生活发掘善良、优美的人性。这个时期是美国戏剧的“黄金时代”。
托福阅读事实信息题提问方式汇总
According to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X?
According to Paragraph…, how / what/ why…?
Paragraph… / The passage supports which of the following statements aboutX?
带有提问方式的题型有以下几个特点:
该题型属于细节类题型,并且在大部分情况下题干中会出现一个明确的细节定位词──X。
该题型是对细节信息的正面提问(由题干中true / support可知),这一点与否定事实信息题相反。
该题型疑问部分一般由特殊疑问词:which / how / what / why… 引导,可以得出该题型可以就某细节信息的具体“特性、原因、方式等”进行发问。
Under the Earth"s topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are deposits of Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily What is clay made of? The Earth"s surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that gradually decomposes into Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers — all of these forces slowly break down the Earth"s exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become
Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth"s surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities such as Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware
The author"s main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits
(A) conceal layers of rock
(B) can be found in various places
(C) are usually small
(D) must be removed from construction sites
It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?
(A) in desert sand dunes
(B) in forests
(C) on hillsides
(D) near rivers
The word accessible in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried
(B) improved
(C) available
(D) workable
According to the passage , rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions
EXCEPT when
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks
(C) it is combined with alkalis
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth"s crust
Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?
(A) It is often used as a substitute for
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in
(C) Its presence indicates inferior
(D) It is a major component of
The word it in line 13 refers to
(A) iron
(B) feldspar
(C) granite
(D) clay
Based on the information in the passage , it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST
appropriate for making objects that
(A) must be strong
(B) can be porous
(C) have a smooth texture
(D) are highly decorated
The phrase account for in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduce
(B) explain
(C) combine with
(D) list all of
The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the
(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when
(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china
(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become
PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC
“南方文艺复兴”
20年代,南方开始出现文学团体,创办了不少刊物。在诗歌、小说创作与文艺批评方面,都出现了一些有代表性的人物。一些作家先后形成“逃亡者”集团、重农派与“新批评派”,一时颇有影响。最重要的南方作家是威廉·福克纳,他的作品如《声音与疯狂》(1929)等,在构筑一个独特的艺术世界、反映南方精神面貌、刻划复杂的人物性格与艺术手法的多样创新上,都很出色。一般认为他是欧美现代派文学重要的代表人物之一。福克纳以及其他南方作家大多站在道德、宗教的立场上批判现代资本主义的物质文明。他们的作品里有许多对罪恶和变态心理的描写。他们的用意是清除污秽,让心爱的故乡变得干净一些。
托福阅读表格题要怎么解答
1、总结表格题
相对而言, 总结表格题的出现频率要高于对比表格题,这是由它们自身特点,出题方式和原文是否具备对比对照关系这三方面的因素决定的。
2、题的出题模式有两种:
一种是针对全文内容出题,答案由全文的主题,细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题,答案由这些重点支持性段落主题,段落结论,以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。这里我们重点看第一种出题模式。
我们来看一个例子,
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at John’ They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the
托福阅读文章出现的各类词汇情况介绍
托福阅读文章中中四级词汇最多
据统计四级词汇所占比例为51%。足可以看出四级词汇在征服托福阅读中的重要性。四级词汇在文章中主要起到构建句子骨架的作用,由四级词汇所延伸出的四级词组、固定搭配也在文章中大量出现,也需要同学们熟练掌握。小编曾经遇到过一个学生,之前在某机构学过托福,可是无论怎么考,托福阅读总是10分左右。问她解题技巧啥的都明白的很,可就是分数提不上去。后来才发现,之前阅读老师教给他的只是解题方法,技巧。可是精读一段文字才发现,他四级词汇根本不认识几个。这样怎么能够征服托福阅读。对这类同学来说,其实根本就还没到刷题的时候,而是打基础的时候。四级词汇及短语不过关,想在托福阅读中考出一个好成绩是绝对不可能的事情。
托福阅读文章中六级词汇也有不少
我们这里所说的六级词汇是剔除与四级词汇重合的词汇,占比大约为11%。这些词汇在含义深度和难度上都要比四级词汇有很大提升。这个参加过大学英语四六级考试的同学会有明显的感觉。六级考试比四级考试的难度有很大提升。那些在四级考试中发挥的自我感觉良好的学生,对六级考试过于掉以轻心,最后往往在六级考试中捉襟见肘,不能取得理想成绩。
托福阅读高分还是得靠托福词汇量
这里所说的托福词汇也是指剔除四六级难度的“纯种”托福词汇。从文章的词汇分析来看,托福词汇好比点缀在句子中的花朵。明确他们的含义往往对理解文章的含义有着“柳暗花明”的作用。换句话说,如果对这些托福词汇不甚了解,不能在阅读中立刻反应出单词的意思。那么整篇文章读起来都可能有一种雾里看花,摸不清头脑,理不清头绪的感觉。这对于快速并且准确的解题,获得阅读高分是一大障碍。
托福阅读文章中偶尔会有高难度词汇
所谓高难度的词汇就是高出托福考试考察水平的词汇。这些词汇可能属于SAT考试难度,甚至属于GRE考试等级的词汇。这些词汇的含义就是对于本土的美国学生来讲,也是有难度的。那么,有些同学就会担心了,我背不了这么多的词汇啊,GRE词汇量要求那么高,怎么办? 小编这里很明确的告诉大家,限于托福阅读考试的难度。这些词汇不会对解题有太大影响的。如果解题牵扯到这些词汇,往往也可以通过联系上下文去猜出词汇的意思。这方面命题人不会太难为大家,尽管放心。
托福阅读解题需要了解的5大类逻辑提示词整理
托福阅读逻辑提示词是什么?
今天来聊聊托福阅读。不知大家是否细心留意过一些频繁出现在段落中的“提示词”。通过这些“提示词”,可以判断出句与句之间的关联,帮助洞悉段落的发展线索。不仅可以加快阅读的速度,更能提高阅读的效率。下面就来了解一下这五种提示词吧。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型:信息相同
and, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, that, then, also, and also, else,
当大家看到这些提示词的时候,需要意识到句子前后的关系是并列、相近、或更进一步的,此时阅读速度无需减慢。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型:因果关系
because, for, for this reason, so, as, since, by virtue of, due to, owing to, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, thus,
当大家看到这些提示词的时候,需要正确认识到句子间的因果关系。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型:叙述顺序
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, and so on, last, next, above all, last but not the least, after, before,
掌握好这些提示词,就能把握住作者的叙述顺序,理清每一个论据。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型:思路转折
although, even though, however, but, on the contrary, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless,
看到这些提示词,就表明出现了完全不同信息的迹象。在阅读时,要格外注意,一旦出现这些词,就需要放慢阅读的速度,从而透彻地理解作者的意图。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型:总结归纳
as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion, in a nutshell, in brief, in a word, to summarize, on the
托福阅读语法点中的后置定语5大类型介绍
什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?
托福阅读中后置定语,顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后,定语就是起到修饰限定作用的短语,注意是短语而不是句子,本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。
托福阅读后置定语第一类
形容词做后置定语。如:fossil 即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第二类
介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface,中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava,表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第三类
现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled 中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels,理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第四类
过去分词短语做后置定语,the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil,理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第五类
不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability,理解为吸收水的能力。
一、单词题目
平时在托福阅读备考中,要注意单词量的积累,力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略,那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。托福阅读考试过后,你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外,对于自己不认识的单词,我们应该主动回原文找同义词,或找相关的提示信息。
二、找代词指代对象的题目
在托福阅读考试中,它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类,这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握,这时,我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话,从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类,我们在面对这种题目时,应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者,因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
三、考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福阅读考试中,也存在着两大主要题型,即:文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。文章细节考查题,解答文章细节考查题,我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位,找到相近或相似的内容,进而得出答案。
The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy),and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive
(介词结构from…to…作定语)
持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进,包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和,改善金属框架,以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝,最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响,从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
分句1:A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;
分句2:including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;
分句3:the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;
分句4:finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;
分句5:from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;
分句6:from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成,即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements,而分句5和分句6并列,修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal
Question 1 of 14
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
It is native to lowlands and
It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of
It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open
It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once
Question 2 of 14
It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions
cause some deer to hibernate
make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
prevent deer from migrating during the winter
Question 3 of 14
The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to
consists of
combines
restricts
establishes
Question 4 of 14
The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to
impatiently
humorously
continuously
immediately
Question 5 of 14
The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over
Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting
There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the
Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading
Question 6 of 14
According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?
The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson"s Bay
Deer had begun populating the meadows around the
Deer populations near the fort had been
Crop yields in the area around the fort had
Question 7 of 14
Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?
To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline
To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment
To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement
To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status
Question 8 of 14
The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period
whose end has not been determined
that does not begin when expected
that lasts only briefly
whose importance remains unknown
Question 9 of 14
Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to
The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later
The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never
Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations
Question 10 of 14
The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
decline
recovery
exchange
movement
Question 11 of 14
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better
Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to
According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific
Question 12 of 14
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?
A reduction in the number of predators
Restrictions on hunting
The effects of logging and fire
Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer
Question 13 of 14
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the
Question 14 of 14
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2 Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find
balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of
populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that
the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested
Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United
it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of
biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for
TYPE8句子插入题
首先请大家想一个问题,为什么不论插入题出现在第几段, 这种题都只存在于总结题之前,存在于倒数第二题的位置呢?
ETS是一个很人性化的机构, 试想一下, 如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置, 而你又选错了,那么会对你对文章的理解造成困扰, 影响你做其他的问题. 所以,要把它放在后面.而没有它,是不影响你做题不影响你读文章的.
清楚了以上的问题, 那么请大家想, 既然这句插入的话对文章本身是没有影响的, 那么它到底和几句话相关?? 如果和前后两句话都相关,是不是把它拿掉了, 就会对文章有影响!!!!!
所以,可以盖棺定论了,待插入的句子,只和前后某一句话相关.扭过来这个思路,再作这种题就容易的多, 我看到过很多人,做这类题, 先把句子拆成前后两部分, 然后挨个空找,前一半对上了不敢选,因为后一半对不上,最终战战兢兢的蒙一个!它只能对上一半,你为什么要强求前后都能对上呢?
下面隆重向你推荐句子插入题的几种常规思路和无耻技巧。
常规思路1
当插入句是代词 it they开头时,在每个空之前找是否有他们的指代对象,有的,就是正确的。可以借鉴指代题的思路。(具体的回去看type6指代题)
常规思路2
当插入句是指示代词This these such+名词开头时,找名词的同义概念。
常规思路3
如果开头是thus,however这些有逻辑的副词,按照逻辑关系选择
常规思路4
找小词,插入句中有another, other,also+名词,寻找这些名词的句子,然后通过句意判断插入句是在这个句子之前还是之后,一般是之前。
说明一点:对于插入题,无耻技巧是辅助我们做题的,是帮助我们排除选项的,所以先用常规思路解题才是王道!
无耻技巧1
在段落之前的空,必错,因为每段的中心都在第一句,如果把第一句改变了,也就改变句意了
无耻技巧2
空后有代词they it的,generally speaking,是不对的,代词不能跨距,如果在代词前面加一句话,就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在,比如这一段只有一个主语,就无法排除后有代词的选项,后面我会举例子!
无耻技巧3
优先考虑段落最后的空,注意,我说的是段落最后的,而不是最后一个空,有时候最后一个空在段中。因为放在最末尾,本身对文章没什么影响,所以,优先考虑这个空。
这种题的解题方法和指代题很像,要各种思路技巧融会贯通,灵活运用。看例子吧!
Eg1
Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?
■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and ■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for
Where would the sentence best fit?
我要你们铭记这道题,因为这道题无耻到了极致,指示代词this+名词,是第二种常规思路,找question的同意概念,有同学看完了四个空,说怎么没有问题的同意概念啊??!!再好好看看,第二个空之前那么明显的问号在那里!直接选第二个!对,就这么无耻
Eg2
Paragraph 7:■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated ■
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to
Where would the sentence best fit?
还是
指示代词this+名词,去前面找economic reliance on livestock的同意概念,先运用无耻技巧1排除第一个空,然后看第二个空之前也就是第一句,有livestock is a major economic activity,直接选第二个。
Eg3
Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the ■In fact, tunas must swim to ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain
Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in
Where would the sentence best fit?
先看待插入的句子,Consequently,常规思路3,按照逻辑词的逻辑关系,先排除第一个空。看到第一句有because,认为第二个空可能对。再往后看,有同学说第二,第四空之后都有they,排除了选第三个。这就是我刚才提醒过的,当一段只有一个主语,或者说每句的主语都有一个词的时候,这种用其后后代词的排除法就失效了。看这段,每句的主语都是tunas,所以说,不能用代词排除了。
回到刚才的常规解法,运用逻辑关系,选择第二空!带入翻译一下,因为金枪鱼的经常游动,它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。因此,它们不需要吸水!
Eg4
Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock █In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of █It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more █Even living things contribute to the formation of █Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to
Where would the sentence best fit?
看句子,another type,常规思路四,在空后寻找type of destructive force contributes to 的同意概念,第一个空,the wind is the principal agent of 就是。如果你不放心,往下看看吧,第二个,有it,无耻技巧二有代词者排除,第三个even,甚至,不符合逻辑。第四个,有their,代词,排除掉。
这类题就告一段落了,提醒一下大家,因为无论用常规思路和无耻技巧都是一种快速的手段,用这些方法的时候你都没怎么好好读句子,所以,选出来之后,一定要回头读一读,是否通顺。
——想要在短时间攻克托福阅读,考生除了踏实备考之外,还要学好每一个细节的知识点。同时,我们也会对托福阅读的十大题型详细研究。以下内容中,以下我们就为大家带来托福阅读主旨题的四大陷阱,这些细节大家在备考中要多加注意咯。
——对于托福考试来说,备考过程中我们有常见的十大题型。主旨题是大家一定会碰到的题型,那么这种题型有哪些规律可循呢,下面就为大家详细介绍一下。
1)段意相关的选项基本正确的原则:如果某个托福阅读的选项选项恰好是刚刚笔记上记下的段意,则选项为正确选项。题干要求选出三个能概括文章主要内容的选项,用正常的思维去想一想,我们一般用什么来概括文章的主要内容呢?当然是段意了。
2)细节一定不正确的原则:人家托福阅读问题要的是文章的主要内容,细节显然是错误答案。关键是怎么判断细节——标准就是细节是不需要被解释的内容。举个例子:我说“你是个好人”这就不是细节,这个需要解释:你为什么是好人。可是我说“你朋友借了你100块钱不还你也不催债”,这就是个细节。这句话不需要解释,它是用来解释你是个好人这句话的。所以说,看到一个选项,觉得这话没什么要解释的,那这个选项一定错了。
3)和文意大意相反的选项是错的原则:这个理由很明白,不用解释什么,关键是你怎么知道哪个选项是和托福阅读文意相悖的呢?很多含有细节的句字都读不到呀。这个问题的解决办法在于做题中积累信息。开始的快速阅读只是构建文章的框架,做主旨题之前的题目的过程就是积累细节的过程,这个不用刻意为之,因为之前的题目都是句子定位或者段落定位的,做题的过程中自然会读到每段的细节。
4)编造出来的选项是错的原则:有一种情况是比较让人郁闷的,就是看到一个选项,又不是段意,也不能准确判断就是个细节,并且也判断不出这个选项和文中的那个内容有所违背。这时候有些考生就慌了,觉得自己是文章没有读仔细,又返回去读文章,可是慌慌张张读了半天还是找不到和这个选项有关的内容。其实不必回去读文章了,关键是头脑要冷静。人家要的文章的主要内容,主要内容一定是某一段的段意或者某几段段意的总结,所以这时候要做的惟一事情就是把段意再总结一遍,如果这个选项和某一段或某几段的段意相符,那么正确,否则这就是一个编造选项,当机立断地把它排除掉。
梦境探讨
梦是一种正常的生理、心理现象,正如入经过白天活动後需要睡眠让身心获得充份休息来消除疲劳。梦对心理方面具有调和与舒解的作用。假使没有梦,许多人可能早就会得神经病了。佛洛伊德认为:做梦就是正常人发“神经病”,而神经病人就是白天睁著眼睛做“大梦”。梦境这种无意识心理活动是人类的第二精神世界,怛光怪陆离梦境常使人产生迷惑。佛洛伊德在“梦的分析”书中有详尽介绍。分析内容大致分三类:
睡眠时躯体受到的刺激:睡眠中如太冷时,会梦见在冰天雪地。太热时,会梦见处身火焰旁。太渴时,会梦见在找寻水源。膀胱胀满时,会梦见找不到厕所。
日间活动残迹的作用:所谓“日有所思,夜有所梦”,人们还可在梦中继续白天未完成的智力活动。很多科学家的发明或发现是在梦境中突然领悟出来。
潜意识内容的反映:佛氏把梦分“显梦”内容与“潜意”内容 两部分,前老好像“谜面”,後者好像“谜底”。精神分析医生工作是根据“梦”的规律进行解析来发掘做梦者被压抑在潜意识内的那些矛盾冲突,帮助病人正确解决其致病情结,从而使获得痊愈。
佛洛伊德把梦分析工作归纳六类:象征化,移置,凝缩,投射,变形,二次加工。
此处从略不详细介绍。梦境不单是受心理方面也受所在环境与生理状况的影响,如睡在生疏的地方,睡中嗅到气味、感到声音等都会影响梦境。
托福阅读如何顺利解答简化题?3步标准化解题步骤详解
托福阅读句子简化题标准解题步骤介绍
1、寻找判断句子具备的逻辑关系
找逻辑连接词词,常见逻辑连接词:
转折:but, however, yet, nevertheless
让步:although,though,even though, despite,in spite of
比较对比:more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike
条件:if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as
因果:
because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B
2、判断句子主干理解句子含义
谁做什么,谁是什么 (一般删掉修饰语:定语从句,介词短语结构,时间地点状语)。
注意:若两个句子有对比关系,因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多,所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键,这时候定语时关键。
3、对比选项选出正确答案
排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了,排除无中生有的逻辑。
托福考试阅读理解练习题及答案
Passage 1
Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that
were primarily functional,carrying over traditional designs that went back to the
Middle the first half of the eighteenth century,however,houses began to
Line show a new wealth increased,more and more colonists built fine
(5)Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies,the design of
buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to
interpret architectural manuals imported from of colonial libraries
show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders,and the houses erected
during the eighteenth century show their ,most domestic
(10)architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide
divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these
Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in
houses of improved the material was wood,stone,or
England still favored wood,though brick houses became common in Boston and other
(15)towns,where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable
few houses in New England were built of stone,but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent
areas was stone widely used in increased use of brick in houses and
outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland,but wood remained the most
popular material even in houses built by wealthy the Carolinas,even in
(20)closely packed houses were much more common than brick
Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their
were made larger and shutters ,clear panes
replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth were larger and
(25)more became decorative features of were made of
plaster or wood,sometimes elaborately paint began to take the place of
blues,yellows, lead colors,which had been popular for walls in the earlier
about 1730,advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to
appear in colonial
does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses
(B)A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses
(C)The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses
(D)The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses
was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century North America?
(A)More architects arrived in the
(B)The colonists developed an interest in classical
(C)Bricks were more readily
(D)The colonists had more money to spend on
to the passage,who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century North America?
(A)Professional architects
(B)Customers
(C)Interior decorators
(D)Carpenters
passage implies that the rules outlined in architectural manuals were
(A)generally ignored
(B)legally binding
(C)not strictly adhered to
(D)only followed by older builders
word“divergence”in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A)description
(B)development
(C)difference
(D)display
word“durable”in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A)attractive
(B)expensive
(C)refined
(D)long-lasting
was stone commonly used to build houses?
(A)Virginia
(B)Pennsylvania
(C)Boston
(D)Charleston
word“dwelling”in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A)houses
(B)towns
(C)outbuildings
(D)rural areas
word“predecessors”in line 23 refers to
(A)colonists who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century
(B)houses constructed before the eighteenth century
(C)interior improvements
(D)wooden houses in Charleston
author mentions elaborately paneled walls in line 26 as an example of
(A)how the interior design of colonial houses was improved
(B)why walls were made of wood or plaster
(C)how walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century
(D)what kind of wood was used for walls after 1730
word“elaborately”in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A)done in great detail
(B)put together carefully
(C)using many colors
(D)reinforced structurally
does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?
(A)Wallpaper samples appeared in the architectural
(B)Wallpaper was the same color as the wall paints
(C)Patterned wallpaper was not widely
(D)Wallpaper was not used in stone
in the passage does the author give a reason why brick was the preferred material for houses in some urban areas?
(A)Lines 9-11
(B)Lines 13-15
(C)Lines 17-19
(D)Lines 23-24
参考答案:ADDCC DBABA ACB
托福阅读考试全新预测
天文类Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth
参考阅读:
A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet’s surface can completely resurface a planet many These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and However, the twins evolved differently, largely because of differences in their distance from the With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes, oceans, or Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun’s ultraviolet rays broke the molecules Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus
Origin of the Solar System
Comets
文化艺术类
The Origins of Writing
Live Performance
The Origins of Theater
The Development of Printing
地质类
Early Theories of Continental Drift
Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age
How Soil is Formed
Earth’s Energy Cycle
Thermal Stratification
环境类
The Climate of Japan
The Role of the Ocean in Controlling Climate
经济类
Effects of the Commercial Revolution
Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
考古类
Environmental Impact of the Anasazi
The Collapse of the Mays
The Chaco Phenomenon
科学类
The Birth of Photography
Early American Printing Industry
农业类
Agricultural Society in Eighteenth- Century British America
Water Management in Early Agriculture
社会类
Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Hunting and the Setting of Inner Eurasia
生物类
Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous
The Cambrian Explosion
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
How Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard
Sociality in Animals
Dinosaurs and Parental Care
Habitat Selection
Temperature Regulation in Marine Organisms
Cell Theory
Poikilotherms
Forest Succession
The Role of Diapause
The Identification of the Genetic Material
How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
Constraints on Natural Selection